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much work must have gone into it!! I love it! Frank - South Africa
great service to those of us in wood related industries! Fred - British Columbia, Canada
this one by Johnny Morlan is by far the most comprehensive. If you can't find the Janka hardness of a wood in this list, you, probably can't find it anywhere. Paul - New York
Janka hardness of various woods, it is almost unimaginable that you have managed to track down so many woods. So, thanks for your hard work. I'll just go to your page from now on! Matt - Maryland
and sourcing timbers overseas, we have found many new varieties we probably wouldn't have considered, I'm in Australia and some overseas varieties are not common here. Steve - Australia
By Common/Trade Name By Common/Trade Name
Johnny W. Morlan
I created this Janka Hardness Scale/Chart because in my own experiences of searching for the Janka Hardness of different woods it took some time of searching through books, documents, papers and on the WWW to find the information. Also the hardness was different from different sources, the botanical/scientific names were only partially listed, not listed at all or in some instances incorrect. I thought it would be nice to have them all listed in one spot and as correct as possible.
This is an ongoing work in progress! There are already countless hours of research that have gone into the 9 pages to get the results as accurate as possible. I still have several woods to research and add. The world's top 125 known softest and hardest woods lists may have minor changes made to them from time to time. I will be updating the page frequently. I hope the information will be of value and helpful to others.
I give permission to link to this page from other websites and forums. The URL address for this page is http://www.morlanwoodgifts.com/MM011.ASP?pageno=207 If you copy some of the information to put on a website or forum, all that I ask of you is to acknowledge me as the author.
You are more than welcome to use the converters below from pounds of force {lbf} to kilograms of force {kgf}, kilonewtons {kN} and newtons {N}.
The main compression/indentation tests used to measure the hardness of wood are Brinell {steel ball}, Chalais-Meudon {Monnin} {steel cylinder}, Janka {steel ball}, Meyer {steel ball}, Piazza-Turrini {steel ball} and Pilodyn {steel pin}.
Brinell, Chalais-Meudon {Monnin} and Janka are the three most used. With very few minute differences all three list woods in the same hardness order. By far Janka is used the most often and has the most test results available. I will briefly touch on the Brinell and Chalais-Meudon {Monnin} tests.
The Brinell Hardness Test was invented in 1900 by the Swedish mechanical engineer and metallurgist Johan August Brinell {1849 - 1925}. It was first used to only test metals but has since been altered to also test woods. With metal a tungsten or carbide ball is used.
For wood a harden steel ball with a diameter of 10 millimeters {approximately 13/32 of an inch} is pressed into the wood with the pressure {force} of 1 kilonewton, approximately 102 kilograms or 224 pounds 12 3/4 ounces}. Then it is held there for a specified time called the dwell time and is usually from 10 - 30 seconds. The diameter of the indentation is measured with a low powered microscope or a computer optical system. It is calculated as a ratio of pressure {force} to the curved surface of the indentation using the below equation.
 P = Pressure {Force} In Kilograms D = Diameter Of Steel Ball In Millimeters d = Diameter Of Indentation In Millimeters
With wood the Brinell hardness results are either given with one number like 1.6, 2.2, 4.1 etcetera or with 2 numbers {low and high} such as 4.7 - 5.1. The correct way is to list the Brinell hardness number, the type of ball used, the diameter of the ball, the amount of force applied and the amount of time. Ash would be listed as 4.1 HBS 10/100/30 which means the Brinell hardness of Ash is 4.1 when a hardened steel ball that is 10 millimeters in diameter is pressed into it with the pressure {force} of 100 kilograms for 30 seconds.
The Chalais-Meudon {Monnin} Hardness Test was invented in the early 1920's by the Frenchman Marcel Monnin {1877 - 1944}. He was the manager of a water and forest engineering school which was located in Chalais-Meudon a suburb of Paris, France. He was actually the initiator for the physical and mechanical methods of testing wood.
A steel cylinder with a diameter of 30 millimeters {approximately 1 11/64 of an inch or the diameter of an American half dollar} is pressed into the wood with the pressure {force} of 200 daN {dekanewtons} which is {2 kilonewtons, approximately 204 kilograms or 449 pounds 9 1/2 ounces} for 5 seconds.
Because it is almost impossible to get a precise measurement of the depth {t} of the indentation that the cylinder made, only the width {l} in millimeters is measured and then calculated from the below equation. The Monnin hardness is then said to be the reciprocal of the depth of the indentation. HM equals 1/t. Monnin hardness results are either given with one number like 1.3, 2.7, 4.8 etcetera or with 2 numbers {low and high} such as 3.2 - 4.6.
 l = Width Of Indentation In Millimeters t = Depth Of Indentation In Millimeters
The Janka Hardness Test was invented in 1906 by Gabriel Janka {1864 - 1932}. He was an Austrian wood researcher. In 1906 at the age of 42 he wrote the 40 page book, Die Harte Des Holzes {translated is} The Hardness Of The Wood.
The Janka Hardness Test measures how hard wood/lumber/timber is. The higher the number the harder the wood is. It is an adaptation of the Brinell Hardness Test for metals.
It is probably the best way to determine how durable a particular wood species is. How easy or difficult it will crush or mash under loads, dent, ding, mar or scratch. This is extremely important if you are using solid wood for certain applications such as interior flooring, exterior decking, porch flooring, stair treads, stair landings, tabletops, desktops, kitchen and workbench countertops.
It is very important to percussion instrument makers {drums etcetera}, woodwind instrument makers {flutes etcetera} and stringed instrument makers Luthiers {guitars etcetera} because a certain hardness produces a particular distinctive tone. The softer the wood the more sound it absorbs thus making the sound tone quieter and mellower. The harder the wood the less sound it absorbs thus making the sound tone louder and sharper. Also with Luthiers certain parts such as necks and bridges are made from a certain hardness of wood.
It is also a very good indicator of how easy or difficult a particular wood species will be to nail, screw, sand, saw, plane, route, carve, polish and work in general.
The results of the original test were indicated in units of pressure required to drive in a steel ball with a diameter of 11.28 millimeters {approximately 31/64 inches} into the wood to half its diameter. This procedure was chosen so that the result would leave an indentation of exactly 100 square millimeters {approximately 9/64 square inches} in size. When the American Society for Testing and Materials {ASTM} standardized the test in 1927 it called for the results to be indicated in units of force.
Now in the English measurement system, the result is indicated in pounds of force per square inch {lbf/in2}. In the Metric measurement system, the result is indicated in one of three ways, kilograms of force per square centimeter {kgf/cm2}, kilonewtons {kN} or newtons {N}.
The hardness of wood/lumber/timber usually varies with the direction of the wood grain. When testing is done on the tangential and radial surface of a piece of wood with the force applied perpendicular to the grain, the test is of side hardness. All Janka Hardnesses listed on this website are of side hardness.
Testing is done on wood from the trunk of the tree and is almost always the heartwood. With heartwood there are a handful of exceptions. One that comes to mind is Balsa {Ochroma pyramidale}. Balsa is always milled from sapwood.
The standard sample as indicated in ASTM D 1043 is to be at 12% moisture content, be clear {no knots}, a solid block of wood having the dimensions of at least 2" x 2" x 6" long and the rate of loading will be machine set at 1/4" per minute.
Two indentations are made on the tangential surface and two indentations on the radial surface. The four indentations are then added together and divided by 4 to get the average value of the force, with the result being declared as the side hardness.
When testing is done on a piece of wood with the force applied to the end grain surface, the test is of end hardness. The end hardness of wood/lumber/timber will almost always be higher {harder} than its side hardness. There are exceptions. Examples would be,
Janka Hardness End 2650 Janka Hardness Side 3190
Janka Hardness End 3350 Janka Hardness Side 3640
Janka Hardness End 1600 Janka Hardness Side 1730
Most wood/lumber/timber species will deviate in hardness but not by much more than plus or minus 10% of the chart numbers below from one piece of wood/lumber/timber to another or wood coming from two different geographical locations. With geographical locations there are exceptions. Examples would be,
Ebony Macassar Australian Grown {Diospyros celebica} 3650 - Specific Gravity 1.296 Olivewood Mediterranean Grown {Olea europaea} 2740 - Specific Gravity .95
Also the wood/lumber/timber around knots, having interlocked grain, at less than 12% moisture content and burl wood will be harder than the chart numbers below which are of average side hardness with the wood at 12% moisture content.
Trees can be classed or grouped in several ways. The wood/lumber/timber industry uses two broad/generic classes or groups for the wood/lumber/timber that comes from trees, they are hardwood and softwood.
Hardwood comes from {Deciduous} angiosperms which are broadleaved and are either catkin bearing or flower bearing trees. Softwood comes from trees belonging to the order Coniferales/Coniferous gymnosperms which are cone bearing or evergreen and have needle or scale like leaves. There are exceptions! Some examples would be,
Balsa {Ochroma pyramidale} Janka Hardness 88 and Basswood {Tilia americana} Janka Hardness 410 are Deciduous and are extremely soft.
Yew Pacific {Taxus brevifolia} Janka Hardness 1600 is in the order Coniferales/Coniferous and is harder than Ashes {Fraxinus spp.}, Birches {Betula spp.}, Maples {Acer spp.}, Oaks {Quercus spp.} or Walnuts {Juglans spp.}.
Not all species of wood/lumber/timber have had a Janka Hardness test performed on them and there are species that have had the Janka Hardness test performed on them but the results are not publicly published.
Because of the moisture content of wood/lumber/timber it has 2 specific gravities, the what I call density specific gravity and basic specific gravity which is also referred to as basic density. Both are figured differently. All specific gravities listed on this website are density specific gravities.
Density specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water when it is at its greatest value which is 4 degrees Celsius, {39.2 degrees Fahrenheit}.
With wood/lumber/timber to figure the density specific gravity you take the kg/m3 {kilograms per cubic meter weight} at 12% moisture content {industry standard} and divide it by 1000. That is the density specific gravity and will tell you whether the wood/lumber/timber will float or sink in water. To float in water wood/lumber/timber has to weigh less than 1,000 kg/m3.
At 12% moisture content if any wood/lumber/timber had no air spaces or pockets in it, the highest possible density specific gravity it could have would be 1.52. The highest possible weight would be 1520 kilograms per cubic meter {kg/m3}, 3350 pounds per cubic meter {m3}, 94 pounds 14 ounces per cubic foot {lb/ft3} or almost 5 pounds 15 ounces per board foot {bf} {planed/dressed out} 12" x 12" x 3/4" thick.
Basic specific gravity is calculated by oven dry mass {weight} divided by wet {green} volume and is always lower than density specific gravity. Basic specific gravity is not at all accurate in telling you whether the wood/lumber/timber will float or sink in water. A few examples would be,
Weight 1080 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.08 Basic Specific Gravity .90
Weight 1060 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.06 Basic Specific Gravity .86
Weight 1100 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.10 Basic Specific Gravity .83
Weight 1075 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.075 Basic Specific Gravity .87
Weight 1225 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.225 Basic Specific Gravity .94
Weight 1130 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.13 Basic Specific Gravity .91
Weight 1089 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.089 Basic Specific Gravity .87
Weight 1105 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.105 Basic Specific Gravity .93
Weight 1250 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.25 Basic Specific Gravity .96
Weight 1080 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.08 Basic Specific Gravity .86
Weight 1200 kg/m3 - Density Specific Gravity 1.20 Basic Specific Gravity .96
With wood/lumber/timber as a general rule the more it weighs, the denser it is and the higher specific gravity it has the harder it is. Weight/density/specific gravity and hardness with some wood/lumber/timber species are different.
Wood/lumber/timber species that have more oils, gums, resins and less lignum {gives hardness to wood} cells in them are softer sometimes than the weight/density/specific gravity indicates they are. This is because the oil, gum and resin mixed in with the wood fibers makes the wood heavy but yet in a compression test such as Janka makes the wood softer. An example would be,
Waddy Wood {Acacia peuce} Specific Gravity 1.372 - Janka Hardness 4630
Wood/lumber/timber species that have less oils, gums, resins and more lignum {gives hardness to wood} cells in them are harder sometimes than the weight/density/specific gravity indicates they are. An example would be,
Lignum Vitae {Guaiacum officinale} Specific Gravity 1.35 - Janka Hardness 4500
There are no formulas or computations to figure/convert Janka Hardness to specific gravity or vice versa! A particular Janka Hardness does not have a certain specific gravity or vice versa! An example would be,
Mahogany White {Eucalyptus acmenoides} Janka Hardness of 2250 with a specific gravity of 1.01 Hopea Heavy {Hopea iriana} Janka Hardness of 2250 with a specific gravity of .92 & Pyinkado {Xylia xylocarpa} Janka Hardness 2250 with a specific gravity of .87
At the very least common/trade names can be bewildering. It is somewhat better and if at all possible to get the botanical/scientific name of a species. What is vastly unknown though, is a tree species can have more than one botanical/scientific name. For more information and details, see Note 7.
A species can have different common/trade names in different locations. An example would be the botanical/scientific name of {Hyeronima alchorneoides} with a Janka Hardness of 1700. It has the common/trade names of,
Nanciton Nogal Nicoyan Pilon Rosita Suradan Zapatero
The same common/trade name can be given to more than one wood/lumber/timber species either having a completely different Genus {the first name in a botanical/scientific name} or having the same Genus but a different species name {the second name in a botanical/scientific name}. An example having a completely different Genus would be, botanical/scientific name {Astronium graveolens} with a Janka Hardness of 2160 & botanical/scientific name {Lovoa trichilioides} with a Janka Hardness of 940. Both are sold by the common/trade name of Tigerwood.
An example having the same Genus but a different species name would be, botanical/scientific name {Peltogyne confertiflora} with a Janka Hardness of 3820, {Peltogyne paniculata} with a Janka Hardness of 2710, botanical/scientific name {Peltogyne porphyrocardia} with a Janka Hardness of 2430 & botanical/scientific name {Peltogyne venosa} with a Janka Hardness of 2030. Although all four have different Janka Hardness's, vary in color and weight they are sold by the common/trade name of Purpleheart.
Sometimes the wood flooring industry gives their own made up common/trades names to the wood/lumber/timber species they sell as flooring. Examples would be,
Cherry Andean {Guibourtia chodatianal} Janka Hardness of 2800 Cherry Caribbean {Lonchocarpus castilloi} Janka Hardness of 2700 Cherry Patagonian {Guibourtia chodatianal} Janka Hardness of 2800 Chestnut Patagonian {Cabralea parda} Janka Hardness of 1610 Mahogany Andean {Anadenanthera colubrina} Janka Hardness of 3840 Maple Patagonian {Balfourodendron, riedelianum} Janka Hardness of 1500 Rosewood Tiete {Guibourtia chodatianal} Janka Hardness of 2800 Rosewood Patagonian {Anadenanthera colubrina} Janka Hardness of 3840 Walnut Caribbean {Lysiloma bahamensis} Janka Hardness of 1400 Walnut Patagonian {Handroanthus heptaphyllus} Janka Hardness of 2800.
Some common/trade names can indicate that a wood/lumber/timber species belongs to a certain group {Genus} when actually it is not even a member of that group {Genus}. Examples would be,
Common/trade name Mahogany Santos. It is not genuine Mahogany, Genus {Swietenia} it is Genus {Myroxylon} Common/trade name Pine Klinki. It is not genuine Pine, Genus {Pinus} it is Genus {Araucaria} Common/trade name Rosewood Bolivian. It is not genuine Rosewood, Genus {Dalbergia} it is Genus {Machaerium} Common/trade name Walnut African. It is not genuine Walnut, Genus {Juglans} it is Genus {Lovoa}
Botanical/scientific names can and do change. Ongoing study of a tree may show the tree to have been wrongly classified and with new information be reclassified in a different family, genus or species. To change a trees botanical/scientific name is not easy. The rules are set forth by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, {ICNCP}.
A tree may have had other botanical/scientific names over the years, but has only one botanical/scientific up to date accepted name which is recognized worldwide! The previous old outdated names are called synonyms. Botanical/scientific name synonyms are not interchangeable like the standard usage of the word synonym. Botanical/scientific name synonyms are not to be used as a substitute for the up to date accepted name! Of course the old outdated names may stay around for years because it is very hard to keep up with all the name changes. A few examples would be,
The wood/lumber of Sheoak Forest, with the Janka Hardness of 3150 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Allocasuarina torulosa}.
{Casuarina torulosa}.
The wood/lumber of Louro Vermelho, with the Janka Hardness of 660 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Sextonia rubra}.
{Nectandra rubra} {Ocotea rubra}
The wood/lumber of, Kapok with the Janka Hardness of 240 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Ceiba pentandra}.
{Ceiba guineensis} {Bombax pentandrum} {Eriodendron caribaeum}
The wood/lumber of the Brazilian Fire Tree, with the Janka Hardness of 450 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Schizolobium parahybum}.
{Caesalpinia parahyba} {Cassia parahyba} {Schizolobium excelsum} {Schizolobium parahyba}
The wood/lumber of Ebony Texas, with the Janka Hardness of 2570 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Ebenopsis ebano}.
{Acacia flexicaulis} {Chloroleucon ebano} {Mimosa ebano} {Pithecellobium ebano} {Pithecellobium flexicaule}
The wood/lumber of Monkey Pod, with the Janka Hardness of 850 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Samanea saman}.
{Acacia propinqua} {Albizzia saman} {Calliandra saman} {Enterolobium saman} {Inga cinerea} {Inga saman} {Mimosa pubifera} {Mimosa saman} {Pithecellobium saman} {Zygia saman}
The wood/lumber of Tamarind Wild, with the Janka Hardness of 1400 has the up to date accepted botanical/scientific name of {Cojoba arborea}.
Acacia arborea Cojoba austrina Cojoba colombiana Cojoba guatemalensis Cojoba matudai Cojoba tonduzii Cojoba tuerckheimii Mimosa arborea Mimosa filicifolia Pithecellobium arboreum Pithecellobium filicifolium Pithecellobium vulcanorum Pithecolobium arboreum Pithecolobium austrinum Pithecolobium matudai Pithecolobium tonduzii Pithecolobium tuerckheimii Pithecolobium vulcanorum Samanea arborea
22 Pounds Force {lbf} - 9.98 Kilograms Force {kgf} - 0.098 Kilonewtons {kN} - 97.86 Newtons {N}  Copyright 2012
3 - Ambatch {Aeschynomene elaphroxylon} 70 - Specific Gravity .10
4 - Balsa Sapwood * High Grade Low Density {Ochroma pyramidale} 88 - Specific Gravity Below .12
Apple Pond {Annona glabra} 190 - Specific Gravity .31
Fig Cape {Ficus sur} 260 - Specific Gravity .37
Cananga {Canangium odoratum} 330 - Specific Gravity .368
Alder Grey {Alnus nepalensis} 380
Akafekafei {Macaranga barteri} 430
36 - Baboen {Virola sebifera} 480
The name Ironwood is actually a slang term given to the hardest wood of an area, region or country. There are over 100 species of wood/lumber/timber in the world, referred to or having the word Ironwood in their names.
My definition of Ironwood is any wood/lumber/timber that is so heavy at 12% moisture content {industry standard} it sinks in water. In order for wood/lumber/timber to sink in water at 12% moisture content the specific gravity has to be over 1.00, weigh over 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter {kg/m3}, 2,204 pounds 10 ounces per cubic meter {m3}, 62 pounds 6 3/4 ounces per cubic foot {lb/ft3} or over 3 pounds 14 3/8 ounces per board foot {bf} {planed/dressed out} 12" x 12" x 3/4" thick.
Wood/lumber/timber can weigh as little as 44 kilograms per cubic meter {kg/m3}, 96 pounds 15 2/3 ounces per cubic meter {m3}, 2 pounds 11 4/5 ounces per cubic foot {lb/ft3}, or approximately 2 3/4 ounces per board foot {bf} {planed/dressed out} 12" x 12" x 3/4" thick for Indian Sola Wood {Aeschynomene aspera} to 1,390 kilograms per cubic meter {kg/m3}, 3,063 pounds 9 ounces per cubic meter {m3}, 86 pounds 12 1/3 ounces per cubic foot {lb/ft3}, or approximately 5 pounds 6 3/4 ounces per board foot {bf} {planed/dressed out} 12" x 12" x 3/4" thick for Australian Bauhinia Red {Lysiphyllum carronii}.
Note: {Schinopsis glabra} might be in the top 10 hardest woods in the world. There are no mechanical properties including hardness listed anywhere for it! Some botany sites have it listed as {Schinopsis brasiliensis var. glabra} and say it is a synonym of {Schinopsis brasiliensis}, which would indicate that it is not recognized by all botantists as its own species.
Reference - Article: World Of Wood - January/February 2008 Issue
5060 Pounds Force {lbf} - 2294 Kilograms Force {kgf} - 22.5 Kilonewtons {kN} - 22500 Newtons {N}  Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
 Pepper Mill Courtesy Of Jeff Nasser - St. Louis, Missouri Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
 Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
Note: Related to but different from #2 {Schinopsis brasiliensis} 4 - Waddy Wood {Acacia peuce} 4630 - Specific Gravity 1.372 
Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012 5 - Belah {Casuarina cristata} 4500 - Specific Gravity 1.15
 Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
6 - Lignum Vitae Philippine {Xanthostemon verdugonianus} 4450 - Specific Gravity 1.22
 Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
9 - Tubi - Blackwood Solomon - Ebony Queen {Xanthostemon melanoxylon} 4370 - Specific Gravity 1.231
 Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
Gidgee Georgina {Acacia georginae} 4270 - Specific Gravity 1.33
Quebracho Colorado - Barauna {Schinopsis balansae} 4250 - Specific Gravity 1.22
Lignum Vitae Maracaibo {Bulnesia arborea} 4200 - Specific Gravity 1.25
Lignum Vitae Paraguayan {Bulnesia sarmientoi} 4200 - Specific Gravity 1.19
Snakewood Australian {Acacia xiphophylla} 4150 - Specific Gravity 1.321  Photo Courtesy Of Nancy Gruneisen - St. Louis, Missouri Copyright 2012
Wattle {Acacia excelsa} 4050 - Specific Gravity 1.15
Dead Finish {Archidendropsis basaltica} 4020 - Specific Gravity 1.218
Curupay {Anadenanthera colubrina} 3840 - Specific Gravity 1.06
Leadwood {Krugiodendron ferreum} 3660 - Specific Gravity 1.32
Jarana {Holopyxidium jarana} 3500 - Specific Gravity .985
Rosewood Kingwood {Dalbergia cearensis} 3340 - Specific Gravity 1.11
71 - Caranda {Prosopis kuntzei} 3200 - Specific Gravity 1.15
Alphabetically Botanical/Scientific Name Alphabetically Common/Trade Name Numerically Softest To Hardest
Hardness Level Of 1 = Up To 300
Very Soft
Soft
Somewhat Hard
Moderately Hard
Hard
Very Hard
Real Hard
Extremely Hard
Extraordinarily Hard
Kilograms Of Force, Kilonewtons & Newtons
To use converter, type in a number in the top Pounds Force {lbf} box. All numbers are in pounds of force {lbf} on this page. The converted result will automatically appear in the Kilograms Force {kgf} box, Kilonewtons {kN} box and the Newtons {N} box.
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Abahungon {Shorea polysperma} 1000 Abaku Nini {Omphalocarpum elatum} 1310 Abale {Petersianthus macrocarpus} 2180 Abam {Gambeya lacourtiana} 1000 Aben {Berlinia grandiflora} 1360 Abiu Pitomba {Pouteria egregia} 3260 Abiurana {Couepia robusta} 3000 Abiurana Abiu {Pouteria guianensis} 2650 Abiurana Balatarana {Micropholis guyanensis} 2060 Abiurana Branca {Franchetella gongripii} 2620 Abiurana Da Mata {Pouteria caimito} 2890 Abiurana Seca {Diploon venezuelana} 2660 Abo {Uapaca guineensis} 990 Abo Ako {Homalium letestui} 1660 Aboga {Mimusops lacera} 2730 Abruma {Coelocaryon oxycarpum} 670 Abu Leile {Detarium senegalense} 1850 Abura {Mitragyna ciliata} 780 Acacia Black {Acacia decurrens} 2250 Acacia Formosa {Acacia confusa} 1460 Acacia Male {Parkia pendula} 930 Acacia Mangium {Acacia mangium} 1750 Acacia Prickly {Acacia nilotica} 3120 Acacia Red {Acacia seyal} 1920 Acacia White Bark {Acacia leucophloea} 2400 Acajou Rouge {Cedrela huberi} 560 Acana {Pouteria pomifera} 2380 Acapu {Vouacapoua americana} 1730 Aceituno {Simarouba glauca} 840 Aceituno - Fiddlewood {Vitex gaumeri} 1160 Achung {Duabanga grandiflora} 540
31
Açoita Cavalo {Lueheopsis duckeana} 2140
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Akafekafei {Macaranga barteri} 430
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Almug - Sandalwood Red {Pterocarpus santalinus} 2940
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Anegre {Aningeria dombeyi} 970
31
Apple Black {Planchonella australis} 1980 | ||
31
Ash Northern Silver {Flindersia pubescens} 1180 Ash Oregon {Fraxinus latifolia} 1160 Ash Pumpkin {Fraxinus profunda} 990 Ash Silvertop {Eucalyptus sieberi} 2130 Ash Satin {Eucalyptus viminalis} 1350 Ash Silver Queensland {Flindersia bourjotiana} 1120
Ash Swamp - It is not a species of tree/wood, it is a name given to
Ash Water {Fraxinus caroliniana} 1120
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Baakalaka {Eschweilera odora} 2320
Balsa - Almost all the wood/lumber that comes from Balsa trees are milled
Balsamo {Myroxylon balsamum} 2200
Bamboo - It is not a species of tree/wood, it is a species of grass.
28
Bambito Rosado {Ocotea austinii} 770
31
Batai {Albizia falcataria} 450
27
Berangan {Castanopsis acuminatissima} 880
Birch Baltic - Birch Russian - They are not a species of tree/wood,
Birch Chinese {Betula albosinensis} 990
Masur Birch - Karelian Birch - They are not a species of tree/wood,
Birch Paper {Betula papyrifera} 910
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Birch Sweet {Betula lenta} 1470
27
Bobenkusu {Anopyxis klaineana} 2560
Kilograms Of Force, Kilonewtons & Newtons
To use converter, type in a number in the top Pounds Force {lbf} box. All numbers are in pounds of force {lbf} on this page. The converted result will automatically appear in the Kilograms Force {kgf} box, Kilonewtons {kN} box and the Newtons {N} box.
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26
Box Flooded {Eucalyptus microtheca} 3820 Box Grey {Eucalyptus microcarpa} 3370 Box Grey Coast {Eucalyptus bosistoana} 2920 Box Honey {Eucalyptus melliodora} 2920 Box Inland Red {Eucalyptus intertexta} 3370 Box Red {Eucalyptus polyanthemos} 3100 Box Swamp {Tristania suaveolens} 2020 Box White Topped {Eucalyptus quadrangulata} 2800 Box Yellow {Eucalyptus melliodora} 2920 Boxelder {Acer negundo} 720 Boxwood Common {Buxus sempervirens} 2940 Boxwood Castella {Calycophyllum multiflorum} 1920 Boxwood European {Buxus sempervirens} 2940 Boxwood Hickory Australian {Planchonella euphlebia} 3220 Boxwood New Guinea {Xanthophyllum papuanum} 1640 Boxwood San Domingo {Phyllostylon rhamnoides} 2860 Boxwood San Domingo - Baitoa {Phyllostylon brasiliensis} 2740 Brazilian Fire Tree {Schizolobium parahybum} 450 Brazilwood {Caesalpinia echinata} 2820 Breu {Protium heptaphyllum} 1000 Breu Preto {Protium tenuifolium} 2020 Briarwood Burl {Erica arborea} 2090 Brigalow {Acacia harpophylla} 2250 Broadleaf {Terminalia guyanensis} 1050 Brownbarrel {Eucalyptus fastigata} 1440
26
Bubinga {Guibourtia demeusei} 1980
29
Cabbage Bark Black {Lonchocarpus castilloi} 2700
29
Candelera {Cordia collococea} 790
30
Catclaw {Pisonia zapallo} 370
28
Cedrillo {Huertea cubensis} 680
27
Cherry Bolivian {Manilkara bidentata} 3190
Chestnut Australian Wormy - It is not a species of tree/wood,
Chestnut Cape {Calodendrum capense} 1430 | ||
27
Choboch {Heritiera ornithocephala} 2110 Chontaquiro {Diplotropis purpurea} 2140 Chuglam White {Terminalia bialata} 1190 Chumprak {Heritiera javanica} 1230 Chupa Chupa {Quararibea cordata} 600 Chupon {Pradosia grisebachii} 1880 Cinnamon Wood {Cinnamomum iners} 1000 Clubwood {Swartzia leiocalycina} 3690 Coachwood {Ceratopetalum apetalum} 1030 Coachwood PNG Papa New Guinea {Ceratopetalum succirubrum} 920 Coataquicaua {Peltogyne confertiflora} 3820 Coco {Lecythis tuyrana} 1080 Cocowood {Cocos nucifera} 1900 Cocuswood {Brya ebenus} 3720 Coffeetree Kentucky {Gymnocladus dioicus} 1390 Cohoba {Anadenanthera peregrina} 3700 Coigue {Nothofagus dombeyi} 990 Cola {Cola acuminate} 1070 Coloradito {Gordonia brandegeei} 1600 Conacaste {Enterolobium cyclocarpum} 520 Condrotti {Bombax chevalieri} 390 Congona {Brosimum uleanum} 1520 Congowood {Lovoa trichilioides} 940 Coolibah {Eucalyptus coolabah} 3640 Coolibah Black {Eucalyptus microtheca} 3820 Coolibah Gum Barked {Eucalyptus intertexta} 3370
29
Coondoo Red {Mimusops elengi} 2120
28
Cow Tree {Couma macrocarpa} 980
15
Dafo {Terminalia brassii} 630
15
Djedoe {Sclerolobium albiflorum} 700
19
Earpod Tree {Enterolobium contortisiliquum} 300
19
Ebony Gaboon {Diospyros crassiflora} 3220
20
Ekop {Julbernardia pellegriniana} 1480
20
Elm Slippery {Ulmus rubra} 860
Kilograms Of Force, Kilonewtons & Newtons
To use converter, type in a number in the top Pounds Force {lbf} box. All numbers are in pounds of force {lbf} on this page. The converted result will automatically appear in the Kilograms Force {kgf} box, Kilonewtons {kN} box and the Newtons {N} box.
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Alphabetically Botanical/Scientific Name Alphabetically Common/Trade Name Numerically Softest To Hardest
Center Utilization & Products Forest Foundation {CUPROFOR} Republic Of Honduras, Central America
Santa Cruz, Bolivia
National Institute For Research In The Amazon {INPA} Philip M. Fearnside Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
MultiForestal - La Chorrera, Panama - Republic Of Panama
Original Approach, LLC - Windsor, Colorado, United States
Supplement To Tropical Timbers Of The World Nancy Ross
Australian Institute Of Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Studies {AIATSIS} Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Brazilian Institute Of Environment & Renewable Natural Resources {IBAMA} Brasília, Brazil
Institute National Of Technology Industrial {INTI} Buenos Aires, Argentina
Miroslav M. Grandtner Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Evaluation Of Australian Timbers For Use In Musical Instruments Andrew Morrow - Clayton South, Victoria, Australia
National Council For Forest Research & Development {COFORD} Gordon Knaggs & Stella Xenopoulou Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
Commercial Timber Descriptions & Information In English, French, German, Portuguese & Spanish - June 2009
Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom
Vietnamese - German Forestry Program Tay Ho District - Hanoi, Vietnam
Technical Data Sheets San Adrian, Navarra, Spain
Aerospace Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India
Forestry Research Institute Of Ghana Council For Scientific & Industrial Research Kumasi, Ghana West Africa
The University Of Melbourne Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
With Special Reference To The West Indies, The Guianas & British Honduras U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station Franklin R. Longwood - Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, United States
Hammond, Indiana, United States
Australian Centre For International Agricultural Research {ACIAR} Bruce ACT, Australia & Department Of Employment, Economic Development & Innovation {DEEDI} Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
U.S. Department Of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Juanda, Bogor, Indonesia
Developed To Encourage The Sustainable Use Of The World's Timber Species World Conservation Monitoring Centre {WCMC} Cambridge, United Kingdom
Wageningen, Netherlands
Papua New Guinea Forest Industries Association Inc Waigani, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea
Beach Shack - Island Harbour, Anguilla, British West Indies
Bill Mudry - Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
Timber Queensland Limited Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Dr. Hans Meyer
New York City, New York, United States
U.S. Department Of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory Botanist - Jeannette M. Kyrn Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Wood Species Vught, Netherlands
Timber Merchants Association {TMA} Blackburn, Victoria, Australia
National Association Of Forest Industries - Australia Deakin West, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Tropical Wood Production & Processing Research Unit Main Characteristics Of 245 Tropical & Temperate Species By Cirad - Montpellier, France
U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station & Institute Of Tropical Forestry Gisel Reyes, Sandra Brown, Jonathan Chapman & Ariel E. Lugo New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Pennsauken, New Jersey, United States
U.S. Department Of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory Madison, Wisconsin, United States
World Agroforestry Centre Nairobi, Kenya, Africa
The Wood Technology Laboratory Luis Llach Cordero Turrialba, Costa Rica
World Wildlife Fund {WWF} - Lima, Peru & Global Forest & Trade Network {GFTN} - Washington DC, United States
Wood & Forest Sciences Department Miroslav M. Grandtner Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
Published By The International Wood Collectors Society {IWCS}
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